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Splitting (psychology)
Splitting (also called black and white thinking or all-or-nothing thinking) is the failure in a person's thinking to bring together both positive and negative qualities of the self and others into a cohesive, realistic whole. It is a common defense mechanism used by many people. The individual tends to think in extremes (i.e., an individual's actions and motivations are ''all'' good or ''all'' bad with no middle ground).
The concept of splitting was developed by Ronald Fairbairn in his formulation of object relations theory; it begins as the inability of the infant to combine the fulfilling aspects of the parents (the good object) and their unresponsive aspects (the unsatisfying object) into the same individuals, but sees the good and bad as separate. In psychoanalytic theory this functions as a defence mechanism. It is a relatively common defence mechanism for people with borderline personality disorder in DSM-IV-TR.
== Relationships ==
Splitting creates instability in relationships because one person can be viewed as either personified virtue or personified vice at different times, depending on whether they gratify the subject's needs or frustrate them. This, along with similar oscillations in the experience and appraisal of the self, leads to chaotic and unstable relationship patterns, identity diffusion, and mood swings. The therapeutic process can be greatly impeded by these oscillations, because the therapist too can come to be seen as all good or all bad. To attempt to overcome the negative effects on treatment outcome, constant interpretations by the therapist are needed.〔Gould, J. R., Prentice, N. M. & Ainslie, R. C. (1996). "The splitting index: construction of a scale measuring the defense mechanism of splitting". ''Journal of Personality Assessment'' 66 (2), 414–430.〕
Splitting contributes to unstable relationships and intense emotional experiences. Splitting is not uncommon during adolescence, but is regarded as transient. Splitting has been noted especially with persons diagnosed with borderline personality disorder.〔(What is Borderline personality disorder – Splitting ).〕〔 Treatment strategies have been developed for individuals and groups based on dialectical behavior therapy, and for couples.〔Siegel,J. P. ''Repairing Intimacy'' (1992) and Linehan, M. (1993).〕 There are also self-help books on related topics such as mindfulness and emotional regulation that have been helpful for individuals who struggle with the consequences of splitting.〔Jacobs, B. 2004, Siegel, J. 2010.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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